Everything about King Of Strathclyde totally explained
The
list of the Kings of Strathclyde concerns the kings of Alt Clut, later
Strathclyde, a
Brythonic kingdom.
The kingdom was ruled from
Dumbarton Rock,
Alt Clut, the Brythonic name of the rock, until around 870 when the rock was captured and sacked by
Norse-Gaels from the kingdom of Dublin after a four-month siege. Thereafter the centre of the kingdom moved to
Govan, previously a religious centre. The kingdom is also known as Cumbria after 870, and indeed may have ruled parts of the modern English region of
Cumbria in the 10th and 11th centuries. In the 11th century the
kingdom of Alba conquered Strathclyde. It remained a distinctive area, with different laws, using the
Cumbric language alongside
Gaelic, until the 12th century.
Kings of Alt Clut
Various authorities have suggested a king-list as follows:
The sources for this king-list are problematic. The earliest source is
Adomnán's
Life of Saint Columba, which refers to Roderc son of Tothail as reigning in the Rock of Clyde - almost certainly
Dumbarton Rock. It is known that Roderc (or Riderc) was a contemporary of Columba, but the date of his death, dependent on the 12th century
Life of Kentigern and an entry in the
Annales Cambriae an.CLX+9
Conthigirni obitus...., is unreliable.
The next earliest source is the so-called
Iona Chronicle, compiled c.650-750, deduced from Scottish entries in the
Chronicle of Ireland which were later copied into the
Annals of Tigernach (AT) and the
Annals of Ulster (AU). This preserves information for kings of Alclut from the mid 7th to the mid 8th century, beginning with Gure(i)t regis Alo Cluathe (AU), Domnall mac Auin (AT,AU) Bili mac Elphine (AT,AU) and Taudar mac Bile (AT), were all noted as 'kings of Alclut'. In addition to this, we've a poem preserved in the 10th century
Life of Adomnán which refers to
Brude, king of the Picts, as being the son of Bile, king of Alclut.
From this later period too (9th-10th c.) are several Welsh sources, particularly the genealogies in Harley 3859, which have been too readily accepted at face value. These genealogies are not king-lists. Whatever else they tell us, they don't confirm that someone who was the father of a king was also a king: thus, none of the individuals listed in them can be said to be 'king of Alclut' without corroboration. Furthermore, it isn't clear what the sources for these genealogies were, and to what extent they're independent and factual, or how much they relied on much the same evidence we've today; and, if they lacked information, whether they supplied it.
The
Annales Cambriae note s.a. CCX+6 (c.760) Dunnagual filius Teudubr, who may be the son of Taudar mac Bile of the
Annals of Tigernach. The
Annales Cambriae doesn't specify his status, but he may plausibly have been king at Alclut. The following three individuals in the Harleian genealogy, Eugein, Riderch and Dumnagual, are unattested elsewhere. These are repetitions of three of the most famous names in the canon, and it must be suspected that they were supplied to fill a gap in the genealogical record. The insertion of Rotri between Dumnagual and Teudubr is a modern error based on a misinterpretation of
Annales Cambriae: s.a. CCX (754) Rotri, rex Brittonum, moritur. This Rhodri is almost certainly Rhodri Molwynog (“bald and grey”) m. Idwal Iwrch, a prince of Gwynedd.
It was perhaps believed by the 8th century that
Saint Patrick's Coroticus was king at Alclut (the headings added later at Armagh to the chapters of Muirchu's Life of the late 7th c. give Coroticus the title
Rex Aloo), but there's no witness for this in Patrick's own writings. Cinuit and Dumnagual hen are ancestor figures, the former bearing a truncated form of the sept name Kynwydyon (pre-form *
Cunetiones), and are totemistic figures in the genealogy. The name Clinoch is improbable and may be a scribal error for Cliuoc, or Gliuoc.
The most famous figure in the list after Roderc is Eugein map Beli, who is no doubt intended to be Ohan (AT) or Hoan (AU) a king of the Britons who slew
Domnall Brecc in an ambush in Strathcarron in 642. This battle is the subject of an awdl in the
Y Gododdin collection, but in the poem the victor isn't named, only said to be a grandson of Neithon (according to an emmended reading of the surviving versions of the text). The poem describes this surprise attack as being launched from a fort above Strathcarron, and it seems likely that Dumyat is intended, a hillfort associated with the
Maeatae, who had been attacked a generation earlier by Domnall Brecc's formidable grandfather,
Áedán mac Gabráin. It seems likely, therefore, that Ohan/Hoan was a king of the
Stirlingshire Britons, and that his action avenged the earlier attack by Áedán. There is no reason to associate Ohan with Alclut, but the genealogist probably felt there was no harm in inserting such a prestigious character, and his grandfather, into the genealogy, particularly if there was a substantial gap to fill between Roderc and Guret, and he may possibly have been the father of Domnall (although the name Ohan/Hoan/Auin/Eugein is very common). It may well be that Ohan's action led to a decline in the power of the
Cenél nGabráin and subsequent reoccupation of
Dunbartonshire by the British under Gureit.
The final puzzle is the identity of Eugein's father Beli. It is to be suspected that this individual is a ghost provoked by the poem in the
Life of Adomnán. It is likely that, if there's any truth in the poem, Brude's father was Bili mac Elphine who died in 722, and that his son predeceased him in 693. There is in fact no need to posit another Beli, except to fill another gap in the generations. To take a thoroughly sceptical view of the available evidence, this suggests possibly five distinct dynasties. The first is of the later 6th century, represented by Roderc; the second of the mid 7th century, represented by Guret; the third of the late 7th century, represented by Domnall mac Auin; the fourth of the mid 8th century, represented by the descendants of Elfin; the fifth of the late 9th century, represented by Arthgal and his son, whose kingdom was probably not centred on Alclut.
Kingdom of Strathclyde or Cumbria
Eochaid (uncertain, also, uncertainly, king of Alba to c. 889)
Dyfnwal I (died 908x916)
Dyfnwal II
Owen I (probably died 937 in the battle of Brunanburh)
Dyfnwal III (941x971, died c. 975)
Máel Coluim I
Owen II ("Owen the Bald", died c. 1018)
Máel Coluim II (c. 1054)
Unknown status
David (ascended c. 1113; became King of Scots c. 1124)
Subsequently incorporated into Alba, or Scotland. See List of Monarchs of ScotlandFurther Information
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